{"url":"/past-participle","parsed":{"node":"root","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"content-wrapper "},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"section","attr":{"className":"tiny wide"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"float-right"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"level","attr":{"level":"A1"}}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"id":"breadcrumbs-title"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"title-part namespace"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/explanations"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"Explanations"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"title-separator"}},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"title-part bold "},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"span","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Past participle"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"spacer","attr":{"space":"10"}},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"center"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"element","tag":"main","attr":{"className":""},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"section","attr":{"className":" content first "},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The "},{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"past participle"}]},{"node":"text","text":" ("},{"node":"element","tag":"em","child":[{"node":"text","text":"lýsingarháttur þátíðar"}]},{"node":"text","text":") is a "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/verbs"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"verb"}]},{"node":"text","text":" form where the verb has been formed as if it were an "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/adjectives"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"adjective"}]},{"node":"text","text":" (a describing word)."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"If we take the word "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"að fara"}]},{"node":"text","text":" (to go), we can create the past participle like so:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Það er farið. (It is gone)"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The word form "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"farið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" functions exactly like an adjective and it "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/inflection"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"inflects"}]},{"node":"text","text":" just like an adjective:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Hann er farinn. (He is gone)"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Hún er farin. (She is gone)"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"https://inflections.ylhyra.is/fara/433568","rel":"noopener"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"Click here"}]},{"node":"text","text":" to see all the inflectional forms of the verb "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"að fara"}]},{"node":"text","text":". Then scroll down to “Past participle” to see the full table for how "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"farinn"}]},{"node":"text","text":" changes."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"h2","attr":{"id":"section-_25__2_80_9_hafa__2_80_9__and___2_80_9_geta__2_80_9__cause_the_past_participle"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"id":"section-sagnb__3__3t"}},{"node":"text","text":"“Hafa” and “geta” cause the past participle"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The past participle also appears in another very important and common context: When a word appears with "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"að "},{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"hafa"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" (to have) and "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"að "},{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"geta"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" (to be able to)."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"For the word hafa, this is exactly the same thing as happens in English:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Ég hef farið þangað. (I have gone there)"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The word form “gone” is a past participle, and the word “farið” is a past participle just like we saw in the above section."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Unlike in English however, the same happens with the word "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"að geta"}]},{"node":"text","text":":"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Ég get farið (I can go)"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The form used in this context is "},{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"always"}]},{"node":"text","text":" the "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/gender"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"neuter"}]},{"node":"text","text":" form in the "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/nominative"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"first case"}]},{"node":"text","text":"."},{"node":"element","tag":"sup","attr":{"className":"reference","data-no-translate":""},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"["},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"#ref-a"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"a"}]},{"node":"text","text":"]"}]},{"node":"text","text":" It does not change depending on the subject."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"h2","attr":{"id":"section-how_to_form_the_past_participle"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"How to form the past participle"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The formation of the past participle does not follow any rules that you can easily memorize and there are many irregular ones. What you’re usually trying to do is to make the word end in "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-að"}]},{"node":"text","text":", "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-ið"}]},{"node":"text","text":", "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-ð"}]},{"node":"text","text":" or "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-t"}]},{"node":"text","text":"."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Regular "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-að"}]},{"node":"text","text":" words 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svarað"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að tala → ég hef talað"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að vanta → mig hefur vantað"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að vita → ég hef vitað"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Regular "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-ið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" words include:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að búa → ég hef búið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að fara → ég hef farið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að fyrirgefa → ég hef fyrirgefið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að gefa → ég hef gefið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að halda → ég hef haldið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að sofa → ég hef sofið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að vera → ég hef verið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Regular "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"short-translated-text","data-translate":true},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"-t"}]},{"node":"text","text":" words include:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að breyta → ég hef breytt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að færa → ég hef fært"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að gera → ég hef gert"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að gleyma → ég hef gleymt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að heyra → ég hef heyrt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að hitta → ég hef hitt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að kenna → ég hef kennt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að læra → ég hef lært"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að reyna → ég hef reynt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að selja → ég hef selt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að sýna → ég hef sýnt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að þekkja → ég hef þekkt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að þurfa → ég hef þurft"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að þýða → ég hef þýtt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Irregular words that include the same change as can be seen in the present tense include:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að sjá → ég hef séð"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the present tense “ég sé”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að taka → ég hef tekið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the present tense “ég tek”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Irregular words that include the same change as in the past tense include:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að eiga → ég hef átt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég átti”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að kaupa → ég hef keypt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég keypti”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að þykja → mér hefur þótt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “mér þótti”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að segja → ég hef sagt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég sagði”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að spyrja → ég spurt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég spurði”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að sækja → ég hef sótt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég sótti”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að heimsækja → ég hef heimsótt"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense “ég heimsótti”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"And finally we have some that include the same change as can be seen in the past tense plural:"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að fá → ég hef fengið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense plural “við fengum”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að finna → ég hef fundið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense plural “við fundum”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að vinna → ég hef unnið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense plural “við unnum”"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"að líða → mér hefur liðið"}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Same change as in the past tense plural “við liðum”"},{"node":"element","tag":"sup","attr":{"className":"reference","data-no-translate":""},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"["},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"#ref-b"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"b"}]},{"node":"text","text":"]"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"text","text":"The words listed above are the most important past participle forms that you need to memorize. They amount of irregularity is quite annoying, but most students get a hang of them quickly."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"notes"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Notes"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"ul","child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"li","child":[{"node":"text","text":"There are a handful of other helper words that can also result in a past participle, but they are so rarely used that you should not learn them."}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]}]}]}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"section","attr":{"className":"content-footer"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"references"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"b","child":[{"node":"text","text":"Footnotes"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"p","child":[{"node":"element","tag":"ul","attr":{"className":"plain"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"li","attr":{"id":"ref-a"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"list-number"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"a."}]},{"node":"text","text":" Because this form does not change at all, you might see a few books describe it as its own form, called the "},{"node":"element","tag":"em","child":[{"node":"text","text":"supine"}]},{"node":"text","text":" ("},{"node":"element","tag":"em","child":[{"node":"text","text":"sagnbót"}]},{"node":"text","text":") form. For example, "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"https://bin.arnastofnun.is/","rel":"noopener"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"BÍN"}]},{"node":"text","text":" lists this form by itself. However, since it always looks and behaves like the past participle, "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/gender"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"neuter"}]},{"node":"text","text":", "},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"/nominative"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"nominative"}]},{"node":"text","text":", standard grammar books and school textbooks do not differentiate between the two. You can safely ignore this difference."}]},{"node":"element","tag":"li","attr":{"id":"ref-b"},"child":[{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"list-number"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"b."}]},{"node":"text","text":" But in the impersonal conjugation it’s actually not declined and is just “okkur líður”"}]}]}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "},{"node":"element","tag":"div","attr":{"className":"license"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"You are free to republish this article "},{"node":"element","tag":"span","attr":{"className":"license-link"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"("},{"node":"element","tag":"a","attr":{"href":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"child":[{"node":"text","text":"CC0 / public domain"}]},{"node":"text","text":")"}]}]},{"node":"text","text":" "}]}]}]},"flattenedData":{},"header":{"title":"Past participle","redirects":["Lhþt","Lýsingarháttur þátíðar Sagnbót#Sagnbót","Supine#Sagnbót"],"tags":["Verbs"],"level":"A1","license":"CC0","reviewed":"no","reflist":"
'''Footnotes'''\n\n\n\n
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